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Avoid
Plagiarism
- It is important that you correctly acknowledge all sources used to
obtain information by indicating the original author(s) as well as
the specific location of the facts, arguments and quotations as you
prepare your essay or assignment to avoid plagiarism. A Reference
list is an alphabetical listing of all sources
(printed and electronic) from which information has been taken
either directly (by literal quotation) or indirectly (by
paraphrase), and cited in your text. A Bibliography is similar,
but may also contain references that you may have read as background
information but did not necessarily cite in your text.
Bibliographies are more usually found in books, whereas you are more
likely to use a Reference list in your assignments.
- The University takes a serious view of plagiarism. Even when
you are not intending to copy, it is clear that submitting someone
else's work or ideas is not evidence of your own grasp of the
material and cannot earn you marks. The penalties for
plagiarism can extend to imposing an overall coursework grade of
zero.
Some resources to help you:
Selecting a
Reference Style
The referencing style that is recommended for Biological Sciences is the APA
style (APA = American Psychological
Association) which is an author/date referencing style.
The Student Learning Centre has a website called
Referencite which
contains the resource
Quickcite that will generate samples of different types of references for
you, including ones in APA style.
A more complete list of reference types that you may encounter is given below.
Examples of how to use the APA Style:
1.
In-Text Citations (in the body of your essay)
One author
Brown (2002) found……
Or: In a recent study (Brown, 2000) …..
Two authors
Brown and Green (2000) found…. (cite both authors each time you cite work)
Or: In a recent study (Brown & Green, 2000) ….
Three, four or five authors
Brown, Green, Black, and White (2000) found….
Or: In a recent study (Brown, Green,
Black & White 2000) ….
Cite all authors the first
time, but subsequently use only first author et al. and include year for the first
citation in a new paragraph, for example:
Brown et al. (2002) found……
Or: In a recent study (Brown et al., 2000) …..
Six or more authors
Brown et al. (2002) found……
Or: In a recent study (Brown et al., 2000) …..
Use et al. the first time and all subsequent times
If the work has no authors
The title of the work is used instead
(Harper's illustrated Biochemistry, 2003)
Corporate authors
If there are no author names present, but a group name is, cite the
group name followed by the year of publication.
Example: (Department of Conservation, 2008).
If the group name is
lengthy, you may shorten the name when using it in an in-text citation.
Work discussed in a secondary
source
In the text of your essay name the original paper, and give a
citation for the secondary source that you read. For example, if Seidenberg
and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the
original paper by Seidenberg and McClelland, and only read the Coltheart et
al. paper
In the text, use the following
citation:
In Seidenberg and McClelland's
study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), .....
Give the secondary source in
your reference list at the end of your essay; i.e. the Coltheart et al.
paper.
Quotes
For a direct quotation in the text, the format will vary depending on
whether the source is in print or electronic format. When citing print
sources, give the author, year and page number in brackets. Many electronic
sources do not provide page numbers. Instead, use the
¶ character or the abbreviation para. and include the paragraph
number after.
Smith (2002, p.46, para. 6) found that urchin grazing was constant.
or
As Smith (2002,
¶ 6), stated, "urchin grazing was constant."
If you intend to include a very
long quote, place it in an indented paragraph on a new line. In such cases,
do not use quotation marks. If you don't quote a source exactly and you
paraphrase or summarise another author's ideas, you must still acknowledge
the source of your ideas.
Two articles by the same
author with the same publication date
Use letters (a, b, c... etc.) to differentiate between articles with the
same author names and publication dates, for example:
(Paul, 1990a) and (Paul, 1990b)
Include the letters with the publication dates in the full citation in your
reference list at the end of your essay, for example:
Paul, G.S. (1990a) An improbable view of Tertiary dinosaurs.
Evolutionary
Theory, 9(2), 309-316.
Paul, G.S. (1990b) The many myths, some old, some new, of Dinosaurology.
Modern
Geology, 16, 69-99.
Specific parts of a source
To cite the specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter,
figure, table or equation at the appropriate point in the text. Always
give page numbers for direct quotations. Examples:
(Green, Blue & Red, 1999, fig. 2) (Black & Brown, 1982, p.35) (Green, 2004, chap. 7)
If you include a copy of the figure in your essay etc., include the citation
in your figure caption.
Citing Personal Communication
Personal communication can be personal interviews, letters, memos,
e-mails, non-archived messages from discussion groups or bulletin
boards, telephone dialogues etc. try to provide as exact a date as
possible and include initials with surname.
J.L.
Smith (personal communication, April 1, 2002) estimates that most
University of Auckland biology students will....
or
(J.L. Smith, personal communication, July 3, 2002) estimates that
most University of Auckland biology students will...
2. Reference List
(at the end of your essay)
N.B. In the APA
referencing style Journal titles are NOT abbreviated, if you need to
expand abbreviated journal titles, the following journal
title abbreviation lists will help.
Journal article, by one author
Lucero, P. (1997). Catabolite inactivation of the yeast maltose
transporter requires ubiquitin-ligase npi1/rsp5 and ubiquitin-hydrolase
npi2/doa4. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 147(2), 273-277.
Journal article, by two authors
Hwang, L.H., & Murray, A.W. (1997). A novel yeast screen for
mitotic arrest mutants identifies DOC1, a new gene involved in cyclin
proteolysis. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 8(10), 1877-1887.
Journal article, by up to seven authors
(include all authors' names)
Smithe, A., Goletto, B., Chan, C., Williams, D., Tahatai, M., Manalo, E., & Singh, R. (2011). Uneven muscle mass growth patterns in Antarctic fish. Journal of Fish Morphology, 18(4), 43-48.
Journal article, by eight or more authors.
(include the first six authors, then three full stops followed by the last author)
Melnichenko, E.M., Erwin, B.D., White, A.I., Williams, D.I., Thomasia, E.F., Lamis, E.F., . . . Ward, R.U. (2010). Biogeographic distribution of coastal Antarctic krill. Antarctic Biology, 5(10), 102-106.
Book, by two authors
Campbell, N.A., & Reece, J.B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco,
Benjamin Cummings.
Edited book
De Bonis, L., Koufos, G.D., Andrews, P. (Eds.). (2001). Phylogeny for the
Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Article/chapter in an edited book
Lockyer, M.J., & Nicholls, S.C. (1988). Variation in Plasmodium falciparum
gene structure. In M.J. Turner & D. Arnot (Eds.) Molecular
genetics of parasitic protozoa. (pp. 12-17). Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y:
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
The title of the book
is Molecular genetics of parasitic protozoa and the chapter
title is Variation in Plasmodium falciparum
gene structure. The rule of thumb is that the book title always
comes after the 'In.' Note that in this example, Plasmodium falciparum
is italicised only because it is a taxonomic name. Otherwise,
chapter titles are in regular font. If a taxonomic name appeared in a
figure caption (which
itself is in italics), it would be in regular font so as to
distinguish it from the rest of the caption text.
Unpublished thesis
Lin, V.F. (2004). Characterisation of surface-associated
proteins from two Acidovorax temperans colony morphotypes.
Unpublished master's thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand.
(Note that in this case the taxonomic name is in regular font so as
to distinguish it from the rest of the title)
Book with no author or editor
Harper's illustrated Biochemistry (26th ed.). (2003). New York :
Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill.
Newspaper article
When citing a newspaper article, list the day, month and
year of the article.
-
Newspaper article
from an online database: Gibbs, P.R. (2002, March 21).
Leigh Marine Laboratory to get new status. The New Zealand Herald, Retrieved April 1,
1996, from Newztext database.
-
Newspaper article
from an online site: Dr Doug Carrie made new BBIM
director (2002, March 15). National Business Review, Retrieved
March 18, 2002, from
www.nbr.co.nz
-
Newspaper article
from print version of a newspaper (no author given): Mussel
farm study released (1998, July 12). The New
Zealand Herald, p. 19.
Citing a video
Enter the name of the person or organisation responsible for the
video, the year, title, words [video recording], distributor's name
and address. Tip: If the video is a library item, check the record
on Voyager to verify that you have all the details correct
University of Auckland (2003).
Winemaking in New Zealand,
[video recording]. Auckland: University of Auckland Educational
Media Centre.
Citing a discussion forum in the Reference
list
Give the name of the person who posted the submission, the date
posted, the subject line content, message identifier (if available),
words "Message posted to" and the address of the newsgroup. Type the
complete URL which should link directly to the article. This
discussion message could be included in the Reference List if it was
recoverable data, but online messages that were not recoverable
would not be included in the list.
Citing lecture material
If the lecture material (notes or slides) is available in electronic format
ie on Cecil, use the format for referencing electronic sources to
reference this material even if you first read the material
elsewhere.
Smith, P.R. (2005). Benthic fauna of New Zealand. Retrieved August
25, 2005 from the University of Auckland, BIOSCI 208 Cecil
website: http://cecil.auckland.ac.nz/login.aspx
Information from a web page
Electronic information sources are now commonly used in the sciences. As with printed sources, if
you utilise another author's ideas or writing in your assignment, or
if you quote any part of their text, you must cite where you got the
information from. It is important that before using any information
from the Internet that you first verify that the information is
valid. Anyone can initiate an internet website and add content to
it. Once you have verified that the information is accurate, a
citation should include the following features:
- Author(s) name(s) or if no author(s), the body responsible
- Title of the reference in italics
- Publication information with dates
- Named source of the information
- The date you accessed the information on the Internet
- The Internet URL address
Article retrieved from the Internet
Roach, J. (February 5, 2003). Do Fish Use Cold Current To Cross
Tropics? Retrieved March 11, 2003, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0205_0302
05_toothfish.html
If there is no date on the web page you can use the abbreviation
n.d.
in brackets to indicate "no date", e.g.
Roach, J. (n.d.). Do Fish Use Cold Current To Cross
Tropics? Retrieved March 11, 2003, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0205_0302
05_toothfish.html
Documents with no author or date
For a stand-alone document on the web with no author and/or
date, again use (n.d.) for no date and list the title without any
author.
Documents from large websites
If the document is contained within a large and complex website
such as a University or Government site, you should identify the
organization and the relevant department or sub-section before
giving the web address of the document:
Kistler, J. (2007) Charles
Fleming Award for environmental
achievement, 27 September 2007.
Retrieved 7 Oct, 2007, from
University of Auckland School of
Biological Science website: http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/science/about/departments/sbs/news/2007/09/charles-fleming-award-for-environmental-achievement.cfm
N.B. Cite electronic journals and electronic books the
same way as for printed journals and books, using the examples above.
Useful Websites
University of
Auckland Library Guide to APA
More examples
APA
Style.org
The APA's own page about style. Provides up to
date information on APA style, including style tips,
book reviews and electronic referencing.
APA
Referencing - produced by Curtin University
of Technology Library
Provides a useful introduction to APA referencing,
citing lots of examples.
APA
wizard
Walks you through the steps of creating an APA
citation. Enter the information correctly in the boxes
provided, and the wizard will result in a correct APA citation.
The
Student Learning Centre - The University of Auckland
The Student Learning Centre runs several relevant referencing workshops,
such as APA Referencing, Avoiding Plagiarism and Referencing for Websites,
refer to the Undergraduate
Brochure for times and availability.
EndNote
EndNote is a specialised database program
for storing and managing references. References in EndNote libraries can
be sorted and searched, and incorporated automatically into your
essay and Reference List or Bibliography! If you are intending
to do postgraduate study, EndNote is recommended. There are two relevant Endnote courses that you can attend (both have similar content so you only need to do either one or the other). The courses are run regularly during each semester, and class sizes are limited to 10/session which allows time for questions and feedback. Sessions are two hours long with a break at half time, and can be booked via the library workshop booking page.
1) Endnote parts I and II - Biology and Biomedical Sciences - City
2) Endnote parts 1 and II - Science - City
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