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Chicago Referencing Style

The examples given below are for the Chicago style used for footnotes and bibliography, sometimes known as Chicago A.
Examples of intext citations and reference lists, sometimes known as Chicago B, will be added at a future date.

  Bibliography Format | Footnote Format | Subsequent References | Using Chicago Style | Main Page

Bibliography Format:

A complete bibliography should be included at the end of your assignment. This should include all works that have been cited. The format used in the bibliography varies depending upon the type of source being referred to. Entries should be ordered alphabetically, according to authors' surnames. 

Books:

Surname, First name(s). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

One Author - Example:

Comfort, Alan D. A Good Age. London: Mitchell Beazley, 1997. 

Two Authors - Example:

Harnack, Andrew, and Eugene Kleppinger. Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 

Book Chapters: Edited Book

Author's Surname, First name(s). "Title." In Book title, edited by Editors Full Name, Inclusive pagination. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Example:

Ortiz, Simon. "The Language We Speak."  In Living Languages: Contexts for Reading and Writing, edited by Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde Moneyhun, 40-47. Upper Saddle River, N.J.:  Prentice Hall, 1997.

Journal Articles:

Surname, First name(s). "Title." Journal title Volume number, Issue number (Date): Page Numbers.

Example:

Wharton, N. "Health and Safety in Outdoor Activity Centres." Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership 12, no. 4  (1996): 8-9.

E-Journal:

Surname, First name(s). "Title." Volume number, Issue number (Date): Page numbers, URL (date accessed)

Example:

Lindblom, Charles E. "The Science of 'Muddling Through'." Public Administration Review 19, no.2 (1959): 79-88, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-3352(195921)19:2<79:TSO"T>2.0.CO;2-7 (accessed October 26, 2006) 

Website:

Author. "Title." Website Owner. URL (date accessed)

Example:

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed August 17, 2007). 

 

Footnote Formats for First References::

Place the text of a footnote on the same page as the corresponding superscript numeral. First references are detailed and should be prefaced by the corresponding number that appears within the text . The relevant page number should be included (where applicable) at the end of the citation. Footnotes should be separated from the text by a line. 

Various formats should be used depending upon the type of source. Some examples are shown below.

Books:

Footnote number. Author's full name, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), Page number.

Example 1: Book (Up to Two Authors):

4. Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics

Example 2: Book (More than Two Authors):

34. Donald A. Lloyd and others, American English and Its Cultural Setting (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 12.

Book Chapters:

Footnote number. Author's full name, "Title," in Book title, edited by Editors Full Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), Inclusive pagination. 

Example:

12. Simon F. Ortiz, "The Language We Speak,"  in Living Languages: Contexts for Reading and Writing, edited by Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde Moneyhun (Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997), 40-47. 

Journal Articles:

Footnote Number. Author's full name, "Title," Journal title Volume number, Issue number (Date): Page number. 

Example:

1. Louise M. Hulme, "The Transactional Theory: Against Dualisms," College English 54, no. 1 (1993): 380.

E-Journal:

Footnote Number. Author's full name, "Title." Journal title, Volume number, Issue number (Date): Page numbers, URL (date accessed)

Example:

1. Charles E. Lindblom, "The Science of 'Muddling Through'," Public Administration Review 19, no. 2 (1959): 79-88, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-3352(195921)19:2<79:TSO"T>2.0.CO;2-7(accessed October 26, 2006)

Website:

Footnote Number. Author, "Title," Website Owner, URL (date accessed)

Example:

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library, 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach,”
Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html. (accessed August 17, 2007).

Footnote Formats for Subsequent References::

After a detailed footnote for a source has been provided, subsequent footnotes need to include only the author's name and the page number. When a note refers to the source in the immediately preceding note, the term Ibid. can be used.

Example:

First Reference:

34. Donald A. Lloyd et al. American English and Its Cultural Setting (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 12.

When you Repeat the Previous Source Immediately After:

35. Ibid., 175.

Subsequent References: 

42. Lloyd, 25.

Using Chicago Style:

A superscript number is inserted after the sentence containing the quotation or idea you wish to reference. A footnote containing all necessary citation information is inserted at the bottom of the relevant page. Footnotes should be clearly numbered and the number should correspond to the superscript numeral to which it refers. If possible, use the footnote or endnote function of your software. 

Superscript Numbers in Text:

  • This argument was first put forward in the early 19th century.1 

  • The argument was first put forward by Hume.1 

  • Hume stated that this argument was first propounded 'early in the 19th century'.1

Need More Information?

For a complete referencing guide see the Chicago Manual of Style. The Library holds several copies of this book. Click on the link below to view the Voyager record.

The Chicago Manual of Style.15th ed. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Chicago Manual of Style Online - A searchable online version of the Chicago Manual of Style, providing answers to style, punctuation, and other editing questions, with examples.

Visit the Student Learning Centre's Quickİite for fast access to contextualised examples of Chicago style!

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