Reference
List Format | Using
APA | Useful
Books & Websites | Main
Page
Reference List
Format:
Every source that is used must be
included in a reference list or bibliography included at the end of the
document. The format used in the reference list or bibliography varies
depending upon the type of source being referred to. Entries in your
reference list should be ordered alphabetically according to the author's
last name.
Books:
|
Surname, Initials. (Date).
Title (ed.). Place of publication: Publisher. |
Example 1:
Book with a single author:
Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell Beazley.
Example 2: Book with 2 to 6 authors:
Wit, J. S., Poneman, D. B., & Gallucci, R. L. (2004). Going
critical: The first North Korean nuclear crisis. Washington, DC:
Brookings Institution Press.
Example 3: Book with more than 6
authors:
Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K.,
Peterson, R., et.al. (1967). Nerve cells and insect behavior.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Book Chapters:
|
Surname, Initials. (Date). Chapter title. In Editor initial(s).
Editor surname (Ed.), Book title (pp. page numbers). Place
of publication: Publisher. |
Example:
Blaxter, M. (1976). Social class and health inequalities. In C. J.
Carter (Ed.), Equalities and inequalities in health (pp.
120-135). London: Academic Press.
Journal Articles:
|
Surname, Initials. (Date).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue
number), page numbers. |
Example:
Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity centers.
Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership,
12(4), 8-9.
Journal Articles in Press*:
Journal articles in press are articles that are in the process of being
published but have not yet appeared as such. Simply replace year of
publication with "(in press)", and don't provide details of which issue
the article is in or page numbers (since that is unknown until
publication!).
|
Surname, Initials. (in press). Title of
article. Title of Periodical. |
Example:
Tristan, P. L., & Morris, J. L. (in press). Natural selection and
cognitive appraisal - survival of the fittest thoughts? Journal of
Cognition.
* Source: How
to reference ITEMS IN PRESS
Article from a Database:
|
Surname, Initials. (date of publication).
Article title. Journal Title, volume(issue number),
page numbers. Retrieved date of retrieval, from
database. |
Example:
Sopensky, E. (2002). Chocolate makes money. Business Journal.
i(1), 20-24. Retrieved December 20, 2004, from Expanded Academic
database.
Website:
|
Surname, Initials. (date of publication).
Title. Organisation. Retrieved date of retrieval, from
URL. |
Example:
Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice rink becomes hot business. Austin
Business Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2002, from
http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/smallb1.html
Motion Picture or Video Tape:
|
Surname, Initials. (Producer), & Surname,
Initials (Director). (Date of publication) Title of Motion
Picture. [Motion Picture] City of origin: Studio or distributor. |
Example:
Weir, P. B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (1992). (2002).
Levels of consciousness [Motion Picture] Boston, MA: Filmways
Television Broadcast or Television Series:
|
Surname, Initials. (Producer). (Date of
broadcast or copyright) Title of Broadcast. [Television
broadcast or Television series] City of origin: Studio or
distributor. |
Example:
Atalla, A. (Producer). (2001) The Office [Television series]
London: BBC.
Single Episode of a Television
Series:
|
Surname, Initials. (Writer), & Surname, Initials
(Director). (Date of publication) Title of Episode [Television
series episode]. In Initial. Surname (Producer), Series Title. City
of origin: Studio or distributor. |
Example:
Gervais, R. & Merchant, S. (Writers & Directors). (2001) The boss
[Television series episode]. In A. Atalla (Producer), The Office. London: BBC.
Using APA:
APA style referencing involves
in-text citation using paretheses. You must also include a full reference
list at the end of the document. Citations, including author's surname and
date of publication, are included in the text. As a rule, page numbers
should also be present when referencing direct quotations or specific
ideas. The form of in-text citation varies depending upon context.
General:
|
-
This argument was first
put forward in the early 19th century (Hulme, 1998)
-
The argument was first put
forward by Hulme (1998). |
Quotations:
|
-
Smith (1987, p. 245) noted
that "such conduct was largely counter-productive".
-
"Such conduct was largely
counter-productive" (Smith, 1987, p. 245).
|
Secondary
sources:
|
-
Ngu (cited in Larson,
1991, p. 51) reported that such conclusions were generally
invalid.
-
Such conclusions are
generally invalid (Ngu, cited in Larson, 1991, p. 51).
|
Publication in
press:
|
|
|
Reference:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
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